# AOD-9604 References: The Sources Behind the Summaries

> AOD-9604 references: the peer-reviewed studies, reviews, and authoritative records cited across this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links for each source.

Every numbered claim in this digest maps to one of these sources. Each carries its journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link.

## About these references

The summaries on this site are built only from the sources listed below — peer-reviewed studies, drug-development reviews, and authoritative records. Preclinical findings (mouse, rat, rabbit, in vitro) and human findings are distinguished throughout the site so the two are never conflated. Where a claim is quantitative — a dose, a duration, a half-life, a subject count — it is tied to a numbered source here. The full reference list follows.

## References

[1] Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713213/
[2] Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, Summers R, Conway-Campbell B, Waters MJ, Ng FM. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11673763/
[3] Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11146367/
[4] Bornstein J, Ng FM, Heng D, Wong KP. Metabolic actions of pituitary growth hormone. I. Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase by human growth hormone and a carboxyl terminal part sequence acting through a second messenger. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983;103(4):479-486. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6137122/
[5] Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15. https://www.jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/157/194
[6] More MI, Kenley D. Safety and Metabolism of AOD9604, a Novel Nutraceutical Ingredient for Improved Metabolic Health. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4(3):64-77. https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/213/278
[7] Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-432. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26275694/
[8] Adan RA. Central and peripheral molecular targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(6):748-751. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445536/
[9] AOD-9604 (Metabolic Pharmaceuticals). Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):437-441. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15134286/
[10] Halford JC. Obesity drugs in clinical development. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;7(4):312-318. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16625817/
[11] Jensen MD. Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14 Suppl 3:143S-149S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931496/
[12] Khan A, Raza S, Khan Y, Aksoy T, Khan M, Weinberger Y, Goldman J. Current updates in the medical management of obesity. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2012;6:117-128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22435392/
[13] World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List — Section S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics. WADA; 2024. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

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A patient, plain-spoken teaching digest of the AOD-9604 record — the strong rodent fat-loss data and the human trial that came up empty held side by side and cited to source; no clinic behind the desk, and nothing here dosed, sourced, prescribed, or sold.